Other Definitions
athabaskan (dict)

Athabaskan

Languages

Genetic relations outline

I. Northern Athabaskan

• Central Alaska – Yukon subgroup

1. Deg Xinag (a.k.a. Deg Hitan, Ingalik, Ingalit)

dialects:

• Lower Yukon River

• Middle Kuskokwin

2. Gwichin (a.k.a. Kutchin, Loucheux, Takudh, Tukudh)

dialects:

• Alaskan Gwichin (a.k.a. Western Gwichin)

• Canadian Gwichin (a.k.a. Eastern Gwichin)

3. Han (a.k.a. Hn, Moosehide, or Dawson)

4. Holikachuk (a.k.a. Innoko)

5. Koyukon (a.k.a. Tena)

dialects:

• Lower Koyukon

• Central Koyukon

• Upper Koyukon

6. Tanacross (previously considered a dialect of Lower Tanana)

7. Lower Tanana (a.k.a. Tanana or Minto)

dialects:

• Minto-Tolovana-Toklat-Nenana-Wood River

- Minto-Tolovana

- Toklat

- Nenana

- Wood River

• Chena

• Salcha-Goodpastor

8. Upper Tanana

dialects:

• Nabesna Upper Tanana

• Tetlin Upper Tanana

• Northway Upper Tanana

• Scottie Creek

• Canadian Upper Tanana

9. Tutchone

dialects:

• Southern Tutchone

• Northern Tutchone

10. Upper Kushokwin (a.k.a. Kolchan or McGrath Ingalik)

• Southern Alaskan subgroup

1. Ahtna (a.k.a. Atna, Ahtena, or Copper River)

dialects:

• Central Copper River Ahtna

• Lower Copper River Ahtna

• Mentasta (a.k.a. Upper Ahtna)

• Western Ahtna

2. Denaina (a.k.a. Tanaina)

dialects:

• Lower Inlet Denaina

- Outer Inlet

- Iliamna

- Inland

• Upper Inlet Denaina

• Central British Columbia subgroup

1. Babine (a.k.a. North Carrier, Babine Carrier, Northern Carrier, Babine-Witsuwiten)

dialects:

• Babine

• Takla

• Witsuwiten

• Moricetown

• Francois Lake

2. Carrier (a.k.a. Dakelh)

dialects:

• Central Carrier (a.k.a. Upper Carrier)

• Southern Carrier (a.k.a. Lower Carrier)

3. Chilcotin (a.k.a. Chilcotin-Nicola or Tinneh)

dialects:

• Chilcotin

• Nicola-Similkameen

• Kwalhioqua-Tlatskanai subgroup

1. Kwalhioqua-Clatskanie (a.k.a. Kwalhioqua-Tlatskanie)

dialects:

• Willapa (a.k.a. Willoopah)

• Suwal-Clatskanie

- Suwal

- Clatskanie (a.k.a. Tlatskanie)

• Northwestern Canada subgroup

1. Beaver

2. Chipewyan (a.k.a. Dene, Yellowknife, Montagnais, "Northern Indians")

3. Dogrib (a.k.a. Tli Cho, Tłįchǫ or Thlingchadine)

4. Sekani

5. Slavey (a.k.a. Slave, Slavey-Hare-Bearlake-Mountain, Slave-Hare-Bearlake-Mountain, Dine, or Dene)

dialects:

• South Slavey (a.k.a. Slavey)

- Slavey (a.k.a. Slavey proper, South Slavey)

- Mountain

• Bearlake-Hare (a.k.a. North Slavey)

- Bearlake

- Hare (a.k.a. Kawchottine)

6. Tahltan (a.k.a. Nahanni or Tahltan-Tagish-Kaska)

dialects:

• Tahltan (a.k.a. Nahanni)

• Kaska (a.k.a. Nahanni)

• Tagish

• Sarsi subgroup

1. Sarsi (a.k.a. Sarcee, Tsuu Tina, or Tsuutina)

• Tsetsaut subgroup

1. Tsetsaut (a.k.a. Tsetsaut)

II. Pacific Coast Athabaskan

• California Athabaskan subgroup

1. Hupa (a.k.a. Hoopa-Chilula)

dialects:

• Hupa

• Chilula-Whilkut

- Chilula

- Whilkut

2. Mattole-Bear River

dialects:

• Mattole

• Bear River

3. Eel River

dialects:

• Sinkyone-Wailaki-Nongatl-Lassik-Cahto

- Sinkyone

- Wailaki

- Nongatl

- Lassik

- Cahto (a.k.a. Kato)

• Bear River

• Oregon Athabaskan subgroup

1. Upper Umpqua

2. Rogue River (a.k.a. Tututni or Lower Rogue River)

dialects:

• Upper Coquille

- Coquille

- Flores Creek

• Tututni

- Tututunne

- Mikwunutunne

- Joshua (a.k.a. Chemetunne)

- Sixes

- Pistol River (a.k.a. Chetleshin)

- Wishtenatin (a.k.a. Khwaishtunnetunnne)

• Euchre Creek

• Chasta Costa (a.k.a. Illinois River, Chastacosta, Chasta Kosta)

3. Galice-Applegate

dialects:

• Galice

• Applegate (a.k.a. Nabiltse)

4. Tolowa

dialects:

• Chetco

• Smith River

III. Southern Athabaskan (a.k.a. Apachean)

• Plains Apache subgroup

1. Plains Apache (a.k.a. Kiowa-Apache, Naisha)

• Western Apachean subgroup

1. Chiricahua-Mescalero

dialects:

• Chiricahua

• Mescalero

3. Navajo (a.k.a. Navaho, Din)

4. Western Apache (a.k.a. Coyotero Apache)

dialects:

• Dilzhę́ (a.k.a. Dilzheeh, Dilzhee, Tonto)

• White Mountain

• San Carlos

• Eastern Apachean subgroup

1. Jicarilla

2. Lipan

Areal list

• Alaska: Ahtna, Deg Hitan, Denaina, Gwichin, Hn, Holikachuk, Koyukon, Lower Tanana, Tanacross, Tsetsaut, Upper Kushokwin, Upper Tanana
• Yukon Territory: Ahtna, Gwichin, Hn, Slavey (Mountain), Tahltan (Tagish, Kaska), Tutchone, Upper Tanana
• Northwest Territories: Chipewyan, Dogrib, Gwichin, Slavey (Bearlake, Hare, Mountain, Slavey)
• Nunavut: Chipewyan
• British Columbia: Babine, Beaver, Carrier, Chilcotin (Chilcotin, Nicola), Sekani, Slavey (Slavey),Tahltan (Kaska, Tagish, Tahltan), Tsetsaut
• Alberta: Beaver, Chipewyan, Sarsi, Slavey (Slavey)
• Saskatchewan: Chipewyan
• Washington: Chilcotin (Nicola), Kwalhioqua-Clatskanie (Willapa, Suwal)
• Oregon: Galice-Applegate (Galice, Applegate), Kwalhioqua-Clatskanie (Clatskanie), Rogue River (Chasta Costa, Euchre Creek, Tututni, Upper Coquille), Tolowa, Upper Umpqua
• Northern California: Eel River, Hupa, Mattole-Bear River, Tolowa
• Utah: Navajo
• Colorado: Jicarilla, Navajo
• Arizona: Chiricahua-Mescalero (Chiricahua), Navajo, Western Apache
• New Mexico: Chiricahua-Mescalero (Chiricahua, Mescalero), Jicarilla, Lipan, Navajo
• Texas: Chiricahua-Mescalero (Mescalero), Lipan
• Oklahoma: Chiricahua-Mescalero (Chiricahua), Jicarilla, Plains Apache
• Northwestern Mexico: Chiricahua-Mescalero (Chiricahua)

External links

• Alaska Native Language Center

Bibilography

• Basso, Keith H.; & Opler, Morris E. (Eds.). (1971). Apachean culture history and ethnology. Anthropological papers of the University of Arizona (No. 21). Tucson: University of Arizona Press.
• Bright, William. (Ed.) (1992). International encyclopedia of linguistics. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-1950-5196-3.
• Campbell, Lyle; & Mithun, Marianne. (Eds.). (1979). The languages of native America: Historical and comparative assessment. Austin: University of Texas Press.
• Campbell, Lyle. (1997). American Indian languages: The historical linguistics of Native America. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-509427-1.
• Cook, Eung-Do. (1981). Athabaskan linguistics: Proto-Athapaskan phonology. Annual Review of Anthropology, 10, 253-273.
• Cook, Eung-Do. (1992). Athabaskan languages. In W. Bright (Eds.), International encyclopedia of linguistics (pp. 122-128). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
• Cook, Eung-Do; & Rice, Keren. (1989). Introduction. In E.-D. Cook & K. Rice (Eds.), Athapaskan linguistics (pp. 1-61). Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
• Cook, Eung-Do; & Rice, Keren. (Eds.). (1989). Athapaskan linguistics: Current perspectives on a language family. Trends in linguistics, State of-the-art reports (No. 15). Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. ISBN 0-8992-5282-6.
• Cowan, William; Foster, Michael; & Koerner, Konrad. (Eds.). (1986). New perspectives in language, culture, and personality. Amsterdam: Benjamins.
• Hoijer, Harry. (1956). The Chronology of the Athapaskan languages. International Journal of American Linguistics, 22 (4), 219-232.
• Hoijer, Harry. (1963). The Athapaskan languages. In H. Hoijer (Ed.), Studies in the Athapaskan languages (pp. 1-29). Berkeley: University of California Press.
• Hoijer, Harry. (Ed.). (1963). Studies in the Athapaskan languages. University of California publications in linguistics (No. 29). Berkeley: University of California Press.
• Hoijer, Harry. (1971). The position of the Apachean languages in the Athpaskan stock. In K. H. Basso & M. E. Opler (Eds.), Apachean culture history and ethnology (pp. 3-6). Tucson: University of Arizona Press.
• Hymes, Dell H. (1957). A note on Athapaskan glottochronology. International Journal of American Linguistics, 22 (4), 291-297.
• Krauss, Michael E. (1964). The proto-Athapaskan-Eyak and the problem of Na-Dene, I: The phonology. International Journal of American Linguistics, 30 (2), 118-131.
• Krauss, Michael E. (1965). The proto-Athapaskan-Eyak and the problem of Na-Dene, II: The morphology. International Journal of American Linguistics, 31 (1), 18-28.
• Krauss, Michael E. (1968). Noun classifiers in the Athapaskan, Eyak, Tlingit, and Haida verb. International Journal of American Linguistics, 34, 194-203.
• Krauss, Michael E. (1973). Na-Dene. In T. A. Sebeok (Ed.), Linguistics in North America (pp. 903-978). The Hague: Mouton. (Reprinted as Krauss 1976).
• Krauss, Michael E. (1976). Na-Dene. In T. A. Sebeok (Ed.), Native languages of the America (pp. 283-358). New York: Plenum. (Reprint of Krauss 1973).
• Krauss, Michael E. (1979). Na-Dene and Eskimo. In L. Campbell & M. Mithun (Eds.), The languages of native America: Historical and comparative assessment. Austin: University of Texas Press.
• Krauss, Michael E. (1986). Edward Sapir and Athabaskan linguistics. In W. Cowan, M. Foster, & K. Koerner (Eds.), New perspectives in language, culture, and personality (pp. 147-190). Amsterdam: Benjamins.
• Krauss, Michael E.; & Leer, Jeff. (1981). Athabaskan, Eyak, and Tlingit sonorants. Alaska Native Language Center research papers (No. 5). Fairbanks, AK: University of Alaska, Alaska Native Language Center.
• Leer, Jeff. (1979). Proto-Athabaskan verb stem variation I: Phonology. Alaska Native Language Center research papers (No. 1). Fairbanks, AK: Alaska Native Language Center.
• Leer, Jeff. (1982). Navajo and comparative Athabaskan stem list. Fairbanks, AK: University of Alaska, Alaska Native Language Center.
• Mithun, Marianne. (1999). The languages of Native North America. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-23228-7 (hbk); ISBN 0-521-29875-X.
• Sebeok, Thomas A. (Ed.). (1973). Linguistics in North America. Current trends in linguistics (No. 10). The Hague: Mouton.
• Sebeok, Thomas A. (Ed.). (1976). Native languages of the Americas. New York: Plenum.

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