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45Th New Zealand ParliamentThe 45th New Zealand Parliament was a term of the Parliament of New Zealand. Its composition was determined by the 1996 elections, and it sat until the 1999 elections. The 45th Parliament was notable in that it was the first to be elected under the new MMP electoral system, a form of proportional representation. The difference between the 45th Parliament and its predecessor were considerable — the 44th Parliament had opened with only four seats being held by minor parties, but at the opening of the 45th Parliament, minor parties held thirty-nine seats. Because of the considerably altered balance of power in Parliament, neither of the two major parties could govern alone, and New Zealand First, the largest of the four other parties in Parliament, was put in the position of "kingmaker". In the end, New Zealand First opted for a coalition with the National Party, which had governed in the previous Parliament. The Labour Party continued in Opposition. The 45th Parliament consisted of one hundred and twenty representatives. Sixty-five of these representatives were chosen by geographical electorates, including five special Maori electorates. The remainder were elected by means of party-list proportional representation under the MMP electoral system. Electoral boundaries for the 45th Parliament Initial composition of the 45th Parliament | lign=center|MP | align=center|Party | align=center|Electorate | align=center|MP's term | a href="/encyclopedia/Arthur-Anae" title="Arthur Anae">Anae, Arthur | align=center|National | align=center|- | align=center|First | a href="/encyclopedia/Jim-Anderton" title="Jim Anderton">Anderton, Jim | align=center|Alliance | align=center|Wigram | align=center|Fifth | a href="/encyclopedia/Donna-Awatere-Huata" title="Donna Awatere Huata">Awatere Huata, Donna | align=center|ACT | align=center|- | align=center|First | a href="/encyclopedia/John-Banks-(New-Zealand)" title="John Banks (New Zealand)">Banks, John | align=center|National | align=center|Whangarei | align=center|Sixth | a href="/encyclopedia/Rick-Barker" title="Rick Barker">Barker, Rick | align=center|Labour | align=center|Tukutuki | align=center|Second | a href="/encyclopedia/Tim-Barnett" title="Tim Barnett">Barnett, Tim | align=center|Labour | align=center|Christchurch Central | align=center|First | a href="/encyclopedia/Ann-Batten" title="Ann Batten">Batten, Ann | align=center|New Zealand First | align=center|- | align=center|First | a href="/encyclopedia/Bill-Birch" title="Bill Birch">Birch, Bill | align=center|National | align=center|Port Waikato | align=center|Ninth | a href="/encyclopedia/Jenny-Bloxham" title="Jenny Bloxham">Bloxham, Jenny | align=center|New Zealand First | align=center|- | align=center|First | a href="/encyclopedia/Jim-Bolger" title="Jim Bolger">Bolger, Jim | align=center|National | align=center|Taranaki-King Country | align=center|Ninth | a href="/encyclopedia/Max-Bradford" title="Max Bradford">Bradford, Max | align=center|National | align=center|Rotorua | align=center|Third | a href="/encyclopedia/Geoff-Braybrooke" title="Geoff Braybrooke">Braybrooke, Geoff | align=center|Labour | align=center|Napier | align=center|Sixth | a href="/encyclopedia/Peter-Brown-(politician)" title="Peter Brown (politician)">Brown, Peter | align=center|New Zealand First | align=center|- | align=center|First | a href="/encyclopedia/Gerry-Brownlee" title="Gerry Brownlee">Brownlee, Gerry | align=center|National | align=center|Ilam | align=center|First | a href="/encyclopedia/Phillida-Bunkle" title="Phillida Bunkle">Bunkle, Phillida | align=center|Alliance | align=center|- | align=center|First | a href="/encyclopedia/Mark-Burton" title="Mark Burton">Burton, Mark | align=center|Labour | align=center|Taupo | align=center|Second | a href="/encyclopedia/David-Carter" title="David Carter">Carter, David | align=center|National | align=center|Banks Peninsula | align=center|Second | a href="/encyclopedia/John-Carter-(New-Zealand)" title="John Carter (New Zealand)">Carter, John | align=center|National | align=center|Northland | align=center|Fourth | a href="/encyclopedia/Helen-Clark" title="Helen Clark">Clark, Helen | align=center|Labour | align=center|Owairaka | align=center|Sixth | a href="/encyclopedia/Pam-Corkery" title="Pam Corkery">Corkery, Pam | align=center|Alliance | align=center|- | align=center|First | a href="/encyclopedia/Wyatt-Creech" title="Wyatt Creech">Creech, Wyatt | align=center|National | align=center|Wairarapa | align=center|Fourth | a href="/encyclopedia/Michael-Cullen" title="Michael Cullen">Cullen, Michael | align=center|Labour | align=center|Dunedin South | align=center|Sixth | a href="/encyclopedia/Lianne-Dalziel" title="Lianne Dalziel">Dalziel, Lianne | align=center|Labour | align=center|- | align=center|Third | a href="/encyclopedia/Tuariki-Delamere" title="Tuariki Delamere">Delamere, Tuariki | align=center|New Zealand First | align=center|Te Tai Rawhiti | align=center|First | a href="/encyclopedia/Rod-Donald" title="Rod Donald">Donald, Rod | align=center|Alliance | align=center|- | align=center|First | a href="/encyclopedia/Brian-Donnelly" title="Brian Donnelly">Donnelly, Brian | align=center|New Zealand First | align=center|- | align=center|First | a href="/encyclopedia/Peter-Dunne" title="Peter Dunne">Dunne, Peter | align=center|United | align=center|Ohariu-Belmont | align=center|Fifth | a href="/encyclopedia/Harry-Duynhoven" title="Harry Duynhoven">Duynhoven, Harry | align=center|Labour | align=center|New Plymouth | align=center|Third | a href="/encyclopedia/Ruth-Dyson" title="Ruth Dyson">Dyson, Ruth | align=center|Labour | align=center|- | align=center|Second | a href="/encyclopedia/Paul-East" title="Paul East">East, Paul | align=center|National | align=center|- | align=center|Seventh | a href="/encyclopedia/Jack-Elder" title="Jack Elder">Elder, Jack | align=center|New Zealand First | align=center|- | align=center|Fifth | a href="/encyclopedia/Bill-English" title="Bill English">English, Bill | align=center|National | align=center|Clutha-Southland | align=center|Third | a href="/encyclopedia/Taito-Phillip-Field" title="Taito Phillip Field">Field, Taito Phillip | align=center|Labour | align=center|Mangere | align=center|Second | a href="/encyclopedia/Jeanette-Fitzsimons" title="Jeanette Fitzsimons">Fitzsimons, Jeanette | align=center|Alliance | align=center|- | align=center|First | a href="/encyclopedia/Christine-Fletcher" title="Christine Fletcher">Fletcher, Christine | align=center|National | align=center|Epsom | align=center|Third | a href="/encyclopedia/Jim-Gerard" title="Jim Gerard">Gerard, Jim | align=center|National | align=center|- | align=center|Fifth | a href="/encyclopedia/Grant-Gillon" title="Grant Gillon">Gillon, Grant | align=center|Alliance | align=center|- | align=center|First | a href="/encyclopedia/Phil-Goff" title="Phil Goff">Goff, Phil | align=center|Labour | align=center|New Lynn | align=center|Sixth | a href="/encyclopedia/Liz-Gordon" title="Liz Gordon">Gordon, Liz | align=center|Alliance | align=center|- | align=center|First | a href="/encyclopedia/Mark-Gosche" title="Mark Gosche">Gosche, Mark | align=center|Labour | align=center|- | align=center|First | a href="/encyclopedia/Doug-Graham" title="Doug Graham">Graham, Doug | align=center|National | align=center|- | align=center|Fifth | a href="/encyclopedia/Peter-Gresham" title="Peter Gresham">Gresham, Peter | align=center|National | align=center|- | align=center|Third | a href="/encyclopedia/Frank-Grover" title="Frank Grover">Grover, Frank | align=center|Alliance | align=center|- | align=center|First | a href="/encyclopedia/Laila-Harr" title="Laila Harr">Harr, Laila | align=center|Alliance | align=center|- | align=center|First | a href="/encyclopedia/Marie-Hasler" title="Marie Hasler">Hasler, Marie | align=center|National | align=center|Waitakere | align=center|Second | a href="/encyclopedia/Joe-Hawke" title="Joe Hawke">Hawke, Joe | align=center|Labour | align=center|- | align=center|First | a href="/encyclopedia/George-Hawkins" title="George Hawkins">Hawkins, George | align=center|Labour | align=center|Manurewa | align=center|Third | a href="/encyclopedia/Tau-Henare" title="Tau Henare">Henare, Tau | align=center|New Zealand First | align=center|Te Tai Tokerau | align=center|Second | a href="/encyclopedia/Gavan-Herlihy" title="Gavan Herlihy">Herlihy, Gavan | align=center|National | align=center|Otago | align=center|First | a href="/encyclopedia/Rodney-Hide" title="Rodney Hide">Hide, Rodney | align=center|ACT | align=center|- | align=center|First | a href="/encyclopedia/Marian-Hobbs" title="Marian Hobbs">Hobbs, Marian | align=center|Labour | align=center|- | align=center|First | a href="/encyclopedia/Pete-Hodgson" title="Pete Hodgson">Hodgson, Pete | align=center|Labour | align=center|Dunedin North | align=center|Third | a href="/encyclopedia/Jonathan-Hunt" title="Jonathan Hunt">Hunt, Jonathan | align=center|Labour | align=center|- | align=center|Eleventh | a href="/encyclopedia/Owen-Jennings" title="Owen Jennings">Jennings, Owen | align=center|ACT | align=center|- | align=center|First | a href="/encyclopedia/Judy-Keall" title="Judy Keall">Keall, Judy | align=center|Labour | align=center|Otaki | align=center|Fourth | a href="/encyclopedia/Graham-Kelly" title="Graham Kelly">Kelly, Graham | align=center|Labour | align=center|Mana | align=center|Fourth | a href="/encyclopedia/Doug-Kidd" title="Doug Kidd">Kidd, Doug | align=center|National | align=center|Kaikoura | align=center|Seventh | a href="/encyclopedia/Annette-King" title="Annette King">King, Annette | align=center|Labour | align=center|Rongotai | align=center|Fifth | a href="/encyclopedia/Neil-Kirton" title="Neil Kirton">Kirton, Neil | align=center|New Zealand First | align=center|- | align=center|First | a href="/encyclopedia/Alamein-Kopu" title="Alamein Kopu">Kopu, Alamein | align=center|Alliance | align=center|- | align=center|First | a href="/encyclopedia/Warren-Kyd" title="Warren Kyd">Kyd, Warren | align=center|National | align=center|Hunua | align=center|Fourth | a href="/encyclopedia/Sandra-Lee" title="Sandra Lee">Lee, Sandra | align=center|Alliance | align=center|- | align=center|Second | a href="/encyclopedia/John-Luxton" title="John Luxton">Luxton, John | align=center|National | align=center|Karapiro | align=center|Fourth | a href="/encyclopedia/Janet-Mackey" title="Janet Mackey">Mackey, Janet | align=center|Labour | align=center|Mahia | align=center|Second | a href="/encyclopedia/Steve-Maharey" title="Steve Maharey">Maharey, Steve | align=center|Labour | align=center|Palmerston North | align=center|Third | a href="/encyclopedia/Nanaia-Mahuta" title="Nanaia Mahuta">Mahuta, Nanaia | align=center|Labour | align=center|- | align=center|First | a href="/encyclopedia/Trevor-Mallard" title="Trevor Mallard">Mallard, Trevor | align=center|Labour | align=center|Hutt South | align=center|Fifth | a href="/encyclopedia/Wayne-Mapp" title="Wayne Mapp">Mapp, Wayne | align=center|National | align=center|North Shore | align=center|First | a href="/encyclopedia/Ron-Mark" title="Ron Mark">Mark, Ron | align=center|New Zealand First | align=center|- | align=center|First | a href="/encyclopedia/Denis-Marshall" title="Denis Marshall">Marshall, Denis | align=center|National | align=center|Rangitikei | align=center|Fifth | a href="/encyclopedia/Roger-Maxwell" title="Roger Maxwell">Maxwell, Roger | align=center|National | align=center|- | align=center|Fifth | a href="/encyclopedia/Peter-McCardle" title="Peter McCardle">McCardle, Peter | align=center|New Zealand First | align=center|- | align=center|Third | a href="/encyclopedia/Murray-McCully" title="Murray McCully">McCully, Murray | align=center|National | align=center|Albany | align=center|Fourth | a href="/encyclopedia/Robyn-McDonald" title="Robyn McDonald">McDonald, Robyn | align=center|New Zealand First | align=center|- | align=center|First | a href="/encyclopedia/Don-McKinnon" title="Don McKinnon">McKinnon, Don | align=center|National | align=center|- | align=center|Seventh | a href="/encyclopedia/Joy-Quigley" title="Joy Quigley">McLauchlan, Joy | align=center|National | align=center|- | align=center|Third | a href="/encyclopedia/Murray-McLean" title="Murray McLean">McLean, Murray | align=center|National | align=center|Coromandel | align=center|First | a href="/encyclopedia/Mike-Moore" title="Mike Moore">Moore, Mike | align=center|Labour | align=center|Waimakariri | align=center|Eighth | a href="/encyclopedia/Tuku-Morgan" title="Tuku Morgan">Morgan, Tuku | align=center|New Zealand First | align=center|Te Tai Hauauru | align=center|First | a href="/encyclopedia/Deborah-Morris" title="Deborah Morris">Morris, Deborah | align=center|New Zealand First | align=center|- | align=center|First | a href="/encyclopedia/Brian-Neeson" title="Brian Neeson">Neeson, Brian | align=center|National | align=center|Waipareira | align=center|Third | a href="/encyclopedia/Muriel-Newman" title="Muriel Newman">Newman, Muriel | align=center|ACT | align=center|- | align=center|First | a href="/encyclopedia/Damien-O'Connor" title="Damien O'Connor">O'Connor, Damien | align=center|Labour | align=center|West Coast-Tasman | align=center|Second | a href="/encyclopedia/Katherine-O'Regan" title="Katherine O'Regan">O'Regan, Katherine | align=center|National | align=center|- | align=center|Fifth | a href="/encyclopedia/Mark-Peck" title="Mark Peck">Peck, Mark | align=center|Labour | align=center|Invercargill | align=center|Second | a href="/encyclopedia/Winston-Peters" title="Winston Peters">Peters, Winston | align=center|New Zealand First | align=center|Tauranga | align=center|Sixth | a href="/encyclopedia/Jill-Pettis" title="Jill Pettis">Pettis, Jill | align=center|Labour | align=center|Wanganui | align=center|Second | a href="/encyclopedia/Richard-Prebble" title="Richard Prebble">Prebble, Richard | align=center|ACT | align=center|Wellington Central | align=center|Seventh | a href="/encyclopedia/Derek-Quigley" title="Derek Quigley">Quigley, Derek | align=center|ACT | align=center|- | align=center|Fourth | a href="/encyclopedia/Ian-Revell" title="Ian Revell">Revell, Ian | align=center|National | align=center|Northcote | align=center|Third | a href="/encyclopedia/Ross-Robertson" title="Ross Robertson">Robertson, Ross | align=center|Labour | align=center|Manukau East | align=center|Fourth | a href="/encyclopedia/Matt-Robson" title="Matt Robson">Robson, Matt | align=center|Alliance | align=center|- | align=center|First | a href="/encyclopedia/Eric-Roy" title="Eric Roy">Roy, Eric | align=center|National | align=center|- | align=center|Second | a href="/encyclopedia/Tony-Ryall" title="Tony Ryall">Ryall, Tony | align=center|National | align=center|Bay of Plenty | align=center|Third | a href="/encyclopedia/Dover-Samuels" title="Dover Samuels">Samuels, Dover | align=center|Labour | align=center|- | align=center|First | a href="/encyclopedia/Patricia-Schnauer" title="Patricia Schnauer">Schnauer, Patricia | align=center|ACT | align=center|- | align=center|First | a href="/encyclopedia/Jenny-Shipley" title="Jenny Shipley">Shipley, Jenny | align=center|National | align=center|Rakaia | align=center|Fourth | a href="/encyclopedia/Ken-Shirley" title="Ken Shirley">Shirley, Ken | align=center|ACT | align=center|- | align=center|Third | a href="/encyclopedia/Bob-Simcock" title="Bob Simcock">Simcock, Bob | align=center|National | align=center|Hamilton West | align=center|First | a href="/encyclopedia/Clem-Simich" title="Clem Simich">Simich, Clem | align=center|National | align=center|Tamaki | align=center|Third | a href="/encyclopedia/Lockwood-Smith" title="Lockwood Smith">Smith, Lockwood | align=center|National | align=center|Rodney | align=center|Fifth | a href="/encyclopedia/Nick-Smith" title="Nick Smith">Smith, Nick | align=center|National | align=center|Nelson | align=center|Third | a href="/encyclopedia/Roger-Sowry" title="Roger Sowry">Sowry, Roger | align=center|National | align=center|- | align=center|Third | a href="/encyclopedia/Tony-Steel" title="Tony Steel">Steel, Tony | align=center|National | align=center|Hamilton East | align=center|Second | a href="/encyclopedia/Larry-Sutherland" title="Larry Sutherland">Sutherland, Larry | align=center|Labour | align=center|Christchurch East | align=center|Fourth | a href="/encyclopedia/Jim-Sutton" title="Jim Sutton">Sutton, Jim | align=center|Labour | align=center|Aoraki | align=center|Fourth | a href="/encyclopedia/Paul-Swain" title="Paul Swain">Swain, Paul | align=center|Labour | align=center|Rimutaka | align=center|Third | a href="/encyclopedia/Georgina-Te-Heuheu" title="Georgina Te Heuheu">Te Heuheu, Georgina | align=center|National | align=center|- | align=center|First | a href="/encyclopedia/Judith-Tizard" title="Judith Tizard">Tizard, Judith | align=center|Labour | align=center|Auckland Central | align=center|Third | a href="/encyclopedia/Tariana-Turia" title="Tariana Turia">Turia, Tariana | align=center|Labour | align=center|- | align=center|First | a href="/encyclopedia/Simon-Upton" title="Simon Upton">Upton, Simon | align=center|National | align=center|- | align=center|Sixth | a href="/encyclopedia/Belinda-Vernon" title="Belinda Vernon">Vernon, Belinda | align=center|National | align=center|Maungakiekie | align=center|First | a href="/encyclopedia/Rana-Waitai" title="Rana Waitai">Waitai, Rana | align=center|New Zealand First | align=center|Te Puku O Te Whenua | align=center|First | a href="/encyclopedia/Jill-White" title="Jill White">White, Jill | align=center|Labour | align=center|- | align=center|Second | a href="/encyclopedia/Maurice-Williamson" title="Maurice Williamson">Williamson, Maurice | align=center|National | align=center|Pakuranga | align=center|Fourth | a href="/encyclopedia/Pansy-Wong" title="Pansy Wong">Wong, Pansy | align=center|National | align=center|- | align=center|First | a href="/encyclopedia/Doug-Woolerton" title="Doug Woolerton">Woolerton, Doug | align=center|New Zealand First | align=center|- | align=center|First | a href="/encyclopedia/John-Wright-(politician)" title="John Wright (politician)">Wright, John | align=center|Alliance | align=center|- | align=center|First | a href="/encyclopedia/Tu-Wyllie" title="Tu Wyllie">Wyllie, Tu | align=center|New Zealand First | align=center|Te Tai Tonga | align=center|First | a href="/encyclopedia/Dianne-Yates" title="Dianne Yates">Yates, Dianne | align=center|Labour | align=center|- | align=center|Second | Changes during term - Jim Gerard, a National Party list MP, resigned from Parliament in April 1997 to take up a post as High Commissioner in Ottawa. He was replaced by Annabel Young, the next candidate on National's list.
- Alamein Kopu, an Alliance list MP, resigned from her party in July 1997. She eventually formed her own party, Mana Wahine Te Ira Tangata.
- Jim Bolger, having been replaced as Prime Minister by Jenny Shipley in 1997, left Parliament in 1998. This caused a by-election in his Taranaki-King Country seat, won by Shane Ardern of the National Party.
- Neil Kirton, a New Zealand First list MP, resigned from his party in July 1998 after ongoing conflict with its leadership. Kirton opposed his party's coalition with the National Party, and believed that the National Party was too dominant in the agreement. Kirton became an independent.
- After the collapse of the coalition between the National Party and New Zealand First, the junior parner, New Zealand First, splinters. Eight MPs (Jenny Bloxham, Peter Brown, Brian Donnelly, Ron Mark, Robyn McDonald, Winston Peters, Doug Woolerton, and Tu Wyllie) remained with the party, and eight MPs (Ann Batten, Tuariki Delamere, Jack Elder, Tau Henare, Peter McCardle, Tuku Morgan, Deborah Morris, and Rana Waitai) resigned and become independents. The MPs who resigned did not remain united, and eventually split four ways.
- Batten, Elder, Henare, Morgan, and Waitai established the Mauri Pacific party.
- Delamere joined the Te Tawharau party.
- Morris resigned from Parliament. She was replaced by Gilbert Myles, the next candidate on her former party's list.
- McCardle remained an independent.
- Jill White, a Labour Party list MP, resigned from Parliament in 1998 to become Mayor of Palmerston North. She was replaced by Helen Duncan, the next candidate on Labour's list.
- Paul East, a National Party list MP, resigned from Parliament in 1999 to take up a post as High Commissioner in London. He was replaced by Alec Neill, the next candidate on National's list.
- Frank Grover, an Alliance list MP, resigned from his party on 11 June 1999. He joined the Christian Heritage Party.
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