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1901 1901 was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). Events January-March - January 1 - World celebrates what is regarded as the start of the new century. (Zero-ists' argument that new century should be celebrated in 1900 rejected worldwide).
- January 1 - The British colonies of New South Wales, Queensland, Victoria, South Australia and Western Australia federate as the Commonwealth of Australia. Edmund Barton becomes first Prime Minister.
- January 1 - Nigeria becomes a British protectorate
- January 7 - Alferd Packer is released from prison after serving 18 years for cannibalism
- January 10 - The first great Texas gusher, oil discovered at Spindletop in Beaumont, Texas
- January 22 - Edward VII becomes King after his mother, Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom, dies. His own son Prince George, Duke of York becomes Duke of Cornwall and Rothesay.
- February 20 - The legislature of Hawaii Territory convenes for the first time.
- February 25 - J.P. Morgan incorporates the United States Steel Corporation.
- March 2 - The U.S. Congress passes the Platt amendment, limiting the autonomy of Cuba as a condition for the withdrawal of American troops.
- March 6 - In Bremen an assassin attempts to kill Wilhelm II of Germany.
- March 17 - A showing of 71 Vincent van Gogh paintings in Paris, 11 years after his death, creates a sensation.
April-June July-September October-December unknown dates Births January-March - January 3 - Ngo Dinh Diem, President of South Vietnam (d. 1963)
- January 4 - CLR James, writer and journalist (d. 1989)
- January 16 - Frank Zamboni, inventor; most famous for the Zamboni machine (d. 1988)
- January 26 - Stuart Symington, politician (d. 1988)
- January 27 - Willy Fritsch, actor (d. 1973)
- January 29 - Allen Du Mont, television pioneer
- January 29 - E. P. Taylor, Canadian business tycoon (d. 1989)
- January 30 - Rudolf Caracciola, driver of racing cars (d. 1959)
- January 31 - Marie Luise Kaschnitz, writer (d. 1974)
- February 1 - Clark Gable, American actor (d. 1960)
- February 2 - Jascha Heifetz, Lithuanian violinist (d. 1987)
- February 10 - Stella Adler, acting teacher (d. 1992)
- February 16 - Wayne King, band leader ("The Waltz King")
- February 25 - Zeppo Marx, comedian, The Marx Brothers (d. 1979)
- February 27 - Horatio Luro, Hall of Fame horse trainer (d. 1991)
- February 28 - Linus Pauling, winner of Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1954 and Peace 1962; only person to win two Nobel Prizes outright (d. 1994)
- March 4 - Charles Goren, bridge expert (d. 1991)
- March 11 - Leopold III of Belgium (d.. 1983)
- March 21 - Karl Arnold, politician (d. 1958)
- March 24 - Ub Iwerks, cartoonist (d. 1971)
- March 27 - Carl Barks, Donald Duck illustrator (d. 2000)
- March 27 - Erich Ollenhauer, politician (d. 1963)
April-December - April 1 - Whittaker Chambers, spy (d. 1961)
- April 29 - Emperor Hirohito of Japan (d. 1989)
- May 5 - Blind Willie McTell, blues singer (d. 1959)
- May 7 - Gary Cooper, actor (d. 1961)
- May 17 - Werner Egk, composer (d. 1983)
- May 20 - Max Euwe, Dutch world champion chess 1935-1937 (d. 1981)
- May 21 - Horace Heidt, band leader (d. 1986)
- May 21 - Sam Jaffe, producer (d. 2000)
- June 17 - F. F. E. Yeo-Thomas, WW II SOE agent and hero (d. 1964)
- June 18 - Grand Duchess Anastasia of Russia (d. 1918)
- June 24 - Harry Partch, microtonal composer (d. 1974)
- June 29 - Nelson Eddy, American singer and actor (d. 1967)
- July 17 - Bruno Jasieński, Polish poet (d. 1938)
- July 20 - Heinie Manush, Baseball Hall of Famer (d. 1971)
- July 31 - Jean Dubuffet, painter (d. 1985)
- August 4 - Louis Armstrong, jazz musician (d. 1971)
- September 9 - James Blades, English percussionist (d. 1999)
- September 12 - Ben Blue, comedian, actor (d. 1975)
- September 15 - Sir Donald Bailey, civil engineer who invented the Bailey Bridge (d. 1985)
- September 29 - Enrico Fermi, Italian physicist (d. 1954)
- September 29 - Lanza del Vasto, philosopher, poet and non-violent activist (d. 1981)
- October 2 - Kiki, singer (d. 1953)
- October 10 - Alberto Giacometti, Italian sculptor (d. 1966)
- November 22 - Joaquin Rodrigo, composer (d. 1999)
- December 5 - Walter Elias Disney, later known as Walt Disney, American animator and film producer (d. 1966)
- December 5 - Werner Heisenberg, German physicist (d. 1976)
- December 16 - Margaret Mead, cultural anthropologist (d. 1978)
- December 19 - Rudolf Hell, inventor (d. 2002)
- December 25- Her Royal Highness Princess Alice, Duchess of Gloucester (d. 2004)
- December 31 - Karl-August Fagerholm, Prime Minister of Finland (d. 1984)
- Nadezhda Alliluyeva-Stalin, later second wife of Iosif Vissarionovich Stalin (d. 1932)
- Kjeld Abell, Danish playwright.
Deaths - January 11 - Vasily Kalinnikov, Russian composer (b. 1866)
- January 21 - Elisha Gray, American inventor and founder of Western Electric (b. 1835)
- January 22 - Queen Victoria, Queen of the United Kingdom and Empress of India (b. 1819)
- January 27 - Giuseppe Verdi, Italian opera composer (b. 1813)
- February 11 - Milan I, king of Serbia (b. 1854)
- February 22 - George Francis FitzGerald, mathematician (b. 1851)
- March 13 - Benjamin Harrison, 23rd President of the United States (b. 1833)
- April 3 - Richard D'Oyly Carte, English impresario (b. 1844)
- June 2 - George Leslie Mackay, Canadian missionary to Taiwan
- July 4 - Johannes Schmidt, German linguist (b. 1843)
- August 5 - Victoria, Empress of Germany, eldest daughter of Queen Victoria and mother of German Emperor Wilhelm II (b. 1840)
- September 5 - Ignacij Klemenčič, Slovene physicist (b. 1853)
- September 9 - Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec, French painter (b. 1864)
- September 14 - William McKinley, 25th President of the United States (assassinated) (b. 1843)
- October 1 - Abdur Rahman Khan, amir of Afghanistan
- October 10 - Lorenzo Snow, president of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (b. 1814)
- October 29 - Leon Czolgosz assassin of US President William McKinley
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